1. Двигатель внутреннего сгорания – An internal combustion engine is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, the force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859, firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft. Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, there is a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for compression ignition engines and bioethanol or methanol for spark ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from fossil fuels or renewable energy. Various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of internal combustion engines, in 1791, John Barber developed a turbine. In 1794 Thomas Mead patented a gas engine, also in 1794 Robert Street patented an internal combustion engine, which was also the first to use liquid fuel, and built an engine around that time. In 1798, John Stevens built the first American internal combustion engine, in 1807, Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine ignited by electric spark. In 1823, Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially, in 1860, Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine. In 1864, Nikolaus Otto patented the first atmospheric gas engine, in 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nikolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, in 1879, Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gas engine. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine, in 1926, Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. In 1939, the Heinkel He 178 became the worlds first jet aircraft, at one time, the word engine meant any piece of machinery — a sense that persists in expressions such as siege engine. A motor is any machine that produces mechanical power, traditionally, electric motors are not referred to as Engines, however, combustion engines are often referred to as motors. In boating an internal combustion engine that is installed in the hull is referred to as an engine, reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land and water vehicles, including automobiles, motorcycles, ships and to a lesser extent, locomotives
2. Цилиндр (двигатель) – A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the space in which a piston travels. Multiple cylinders are arranged side by side in a bank, or engine block. Cylinders may be sleeved or sleeveless, a sleeveless engine may also be referred to as a parent-bore engine. A cylinders displacement, or swept volume, can be calculated by multiplying its cross-sectional area by the distance the piston travels within the cylinder, the engine displacement can be calculated by multiplying the swept volume of one cylinder by the number of cylinders. The rings make near contact with the walls, riding on a thin layer of lubricating oil. The first illustration depicts a longitudinal section of a cylinder in a steam engine, the sliding part at the bottom is the piston, and the upper sliding part is a distribution valve that directs steam alternately into either end of the cylinder. Refrigerator and air compressors are heat engines driven in reverse cycle as pumps. Internal combustion engines operate on the inherent volume change accompanying oxidation of gasoline, diesel fuel or ethanol and they are not classical heat engines since they expel the working substance, which is also the combustion product, into the surroundings. The reciprocating motion of the pistons is translated into crankshaft rotation via connecting rods, as a piston moves back and forth, a connecting rod changes its angle, its distal end has a rotating link to the crankshaft. A typical four-cylinder automobile engine has a row of water-cooled cylinders. V engines use two angled cylinder banks, the V configuration is utilized to create a more compact configuration relative to the number of cylinders. For example, there are also rotary turbines, the Wankel engine is a rotary adaptation of the cylinder-piston concept which has been used by Mazda and NSU in automobiles. Rotary engines are relatively quiet because they lack the clatter of reciprocating motion, air-cooled engines generally use individual cases for the cylinders to facilitate cooling. Inline motorcycle engines are an exception, having two-, three-, four-, water-cooled engines with only a few cylinders may also use individual cylinder cases, though this makes the cooling system more complex. The Ducati motorcycle company, which for years used air-cooled motors with individual cylinder cases, in some engines, especially French designs, the cylinders have wet liners. They are formed separately from the casting so that liquid coolant is free to flow around their outsides. Wet-lined cylinders have cooling and a more even temperature distribution. During use, the cylinder is subject to wear from the action of the piston rings
3. Коленчатый вал – A crankshaft—related to crank—is a mechanical part able to perform a conversion between reciprocating motion and rotational motion. In a reciprocating engine, it translates reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational motion, whereas in a reciprocating compressor, a Roman iron crank of yet unknown purpose dating to the 2nd century AD was excavated in Augusta Raurica, Switzerland. The 82.5 cm long piece has fitted to one end a 15 cm long bronze handle, the accompanying inscription is in Greek. The crank and connecting rod mechanisms of the other two archaeologically attested sawmills worked without a gear train, al-Jazari described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine in two of his water-raising machines. His twin-cylinder pump incorporated a crankshaft, though the device was unnecessarily complex, the Italian physician Guido da Vigevano, planning for a new crusade, made illustrations for a paddle boat and war carriages that were propelled by manually turned compound cranks and gear wheels. In Renaissance Italy, the earliest evidence of a crank and connecting-rod is found in the sketch books of Taccola. A sound grasp of the motion involved is demonstrated a little later by Pisanello. One of the drawings of the Anonymous of the Hussite Wars shows a boat with a pair of paddle-wheels at each end turned by men operating compound cranks. Crankshafts were also described by Konrad Kyeser, Leonardo da Vinci and his wind-powered sawmill used a crankshaft to convert a windmills circular motion into a back-and-forward motion powering the saw. Corneliszoon was granted a patent for his crankshaft in 1597, large engines are usually multicylinder to reduce pulsations from individual firing strokes, with more than one piston attached to a complex crankshaft. Many small engines, such as found in mopeds or garden machinery, are single cylinder and use only a single piston. A crankshaft is subjected to stresses, potentially equivalent of several tonnes of force. The crankshaft is connected to the fly-wheel, the block, using bearings on the main journals. An engine loses up to 75% of its energy in the form of friction, noise and vibration in the crankcase. The remaining losses occur in the heat and blow by. The crankshaft has a linear axis about which it rotates, typically with several bearing journals riding on replaceable bearings held in the engine block. As the crankshaft undergoes a great deal of sideways load from each cylinder in an engine, it must be supported by several such bearings. This was a factor in the rise of V8 engines, with their shorter crankshafts, the long crankshafts of the latter suffered from an unacceptable amount of flex when engine designers began using higher compression ratios and higher rotational speeds
4. Мощность – In physics, power is the rate of doing work. It is the amount of energy consumed per unit time, having no direction, it is a scalar quantity. In the SI system, the unit of power is the joule per second, known as the watt in honour of James Watt, another common and traditional measure is horsepower. Being the rate of work, the equation for power can be written, because this integral depends on the trajectory of the point of application of the force and torque, this calculation of work is said to be path dependent. As a physical concept, power requires both a change in the universe and a specified time in which the change occurs. This is distinct from the concept of work, which is measured in terms of a net change in the state of the physical universe. The output power of a motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates. The power involved in moving a vehicle is the product of the force of the wheels. The dimension of power is divided by time. The SI unit of power is the watt, which is equal to one joule per second, other units of power include ergs per second, horsepower, metric horsepower, and foot-pounds per minute. One horsepower is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds per minute, or the required to lift 550 pounds by one foot in one second. Other units include dBm, a logarithmic measure with 1 milliwatt as reference, food calories per hour, Btu per hour. This shows how power is an amount of energy consumed per unit time. If ΔW is the amount of work performed during a period of time of duration Δt and it is the average amount of work done or energy converted per unit of time. The average power is simply called power when the context makes it clear. The instantaneous power is then the value of the average power as the time interval Δt approaches zero. P = lim Δ t →0 P a v g = lim Δ t →0 Δ W Δ t = d W d t. In the case of constant power P, the amount of work performed during a period of duration T is given by, W = P t
5. VR-образный двигатель – Volkswagens VR6 engines, and the later VR5 variants, are a family of internal combustion engines, characterised by a narrow-angle V engine configuration. Developed by the manufacturer in the late 1980s, evolutions of engines are still produced by them. When containing six cylinders, a VR-engines cylinder block consists of two cylinder banks while there is only a single cylinder head covering both rows of cylinders. The name VR6 comes from a combination of V engine, and it shares a common cylinder head for the two offset banks of cylinders. It has a sound that is unique and different than either inline or V engines. The engine is currently in use in a variety of VW models and this engine configuration was also adopted for the Horex VR6 Motorbike. The Volkswagen VR6 was specifically designed for transverse engine installations in front-wheel drive vehicles, the narrow angle of 15° between the two rows in the VR6 engine is a more compact size than a wider angle V6 design. This made it possible for Volkswagen to install six-cylinder engines in existing four-cylinder cars, the wider configuration of a wider angle V6 engine would have required an extensive redesign of the vehicles to enlarge the engine compartment. The VR6 is also able to use the order of a straight-six engine. The narrow angle between cylinders allows the use of just one cylinder head - whereas wider angle Vee engines require two separate cylinder heads, one for each cylinder bank. The VR6 arrangement needs two overhead camshafts to drive all the valves, regardless of whether the engine has two valves per cylinder, or four per cylinder and this simplifies engine construction and reduces costs. In early VR6 engines with 12 valves two overhead camshafts were used, the forward camshaft has six cam lobes to control the three intake and three exhaust valves of the front cylinder bank, without using rockers. The rear camshaft is designed the way, but controls the rear cylinder bank. The operating principle of design is comparable to a single overhead camshaft design with intake. This operating principle is akin to a double overhead camshaft design, with one camshaft for intake valves. There are several different variants of the VR6 engine, the original VR6 engine displaced 2.8 litres and featured a 12 valve design. These engines produced a DIN-rated power output of 128 kW, and 240 N·m of torque, Volkswagen Group identifies the original VR6 by the chassis AAA engine ID code. It operates on the cycle, and has an engine displacement of 2.8 litres
6. Audi Avus quattro – The Audi Avus quattro was a concept supercar made by the German car manufacturer Audi. It was first introduced at the 1991 Tokyo Motor Show, the Avus quattro had an aluminium space frame, which made it a lightweight and safe automobile. This second showing of the new aluminium architecture paved the way for the mass-produced aluminium A8 in 1994, the Avus quattros engine was supposed to be a 6.0 L 60-valve 12-cylinder engine producing 509 PS.0 W12 quattro in 2001. The Avus quattro is now on display at Audis museum mobile in Ingolstadt, Audi Corporate website museum mobile, Ingolstadt Audi Avus Quattro Info Page By 21st Century Audi Avus quattro page on Audi Corporate Website
7. Audi A8 – The Audi A8 is a four-door, full-size, luxury sedan manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi since 1994. Succeeding the Audi V8, and now in its third generation, the first two generations employed the Volkswagen Group D platform, with the current generation deriving from the MLB platform. After the original models 1994 release, Audi released the second generation in late 2002, notable for being the first mass-market car with an aluminium chassis, all A8 models have used this construction method co-developed with Alcoa and marketed as the Audi Space Frame. A mechanically-upgraded, high-performance version of the A8 debuted in 1996 as the Audi S8, produced exclusively at Audis Neckarsulm plant, unlike the donor A8 model, the S8 has been available only in short-wheelbase form and is fitted standard with Audis quattro all-wheel drive system. In 1982, Ferdinand Piëch signed an agreement with Aluminum Company of America, the objective was to design and develop a car that would be substantially lighter than any other vehicles in its class. In the late 1980s, it was decided that the vehicle would be a successor to the V8 flagship introduced in 1988. By 1991, a design by Chris Bird and Dirk van Braeckel was chosen and frozen for series production in 1992. In September 1993, the Audi Space Frame Concept was unveiled at the 1993 Frankfurt Motor Show as a D2 Typ 4D prototype in polished aluminum, pilot production began in December 1993 and development ended in early 1994, at a total cost of $700 million. The saloon/sedan was offered in both the A8, and the A8 L extended or long-wheelbase version, the A8 L adds 5 inches of rear legroom. Updates to the car in 1997 included the addition of six interior airbags. The A8 was designed as a competitor to fellow German rivals Mercedes Benz S Class and the BMW7 Series. In 1997, Audi introduced the first series production ESP Electronic stability control for all-wheel drive vehicles – the worlds first production cars with front and rear side airbags. For 1997, the new A8 was available with either front-wheel drive, or the Torsen-based quattro permanent four-wheel drive. The FWD models are powered by a 2. 8-litre V6 engine, producing 142 kilowatts, the A8 is available with standard luxury amenities, including dual-zone climate control, wood and leather interior trim, 14-way power and heated seats, and an enhanced Bose audio system. In 1999, Audis flagship received side airbags, new colours. The North American warm weather package added a sunroof which allows the interior ventilation fans to run. Changes to all models included a larger passenger-side mirror, and a first aid kit located in the centre armrest. In 1999 for the 2000 model year came a minor front-end restyle, with new, larger, clear headlights, a revised grille, on the interior, the seats received a new, horizontal stitch pattern. Also, the 3. 7-litre V8 FWD model was dropped, leaving the 2.8 V6 model and these restyled cars also featured revised external door handles and an integrated radio antenna
8. Bentley Motors – Bentley Motors Limited is a British manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs—and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1998. The joining and eventual separation of Bentley and Rolls-Royce follows a series of mergers and acquisitions, beginning with the 1931 purchase by Rolls-Royce of Bentley, Rolls-Royce Motors was subsequently sold to engineering conglomerate, Vickers and in 1998, Vickers sold Rolls-Royce to Volkswagen AG. The aerospace company, Rolls-Royce Plc, ultimately sold both to BMW AG, at the DFP factory, in 1913, he noticed an aluminum paperweight and thought that aluminum might be a suitable replacement for cast iron to fabricate lighter pistons. The first Bentley aluminum pistons were fitted to Sopwith Camel aero engines during World War I, in August 1919, W. O. registered Bentley Motors Ltd. and in October he exhibited a car chassis, with dummy engine, at the London Motor Show. Ex–Royal Flying Corps officer Clive Gallop designed an innovative 4 valves per cylinder engine for the chassis, by December the engine was built and running. Delivery of the first cars was scheduled for June 1920, the durability of the first Bentley cars earned widespread acclaim and they competed in hill climbs and raced at Brooklands. Bentleys first major event was the 1922 Indianapolis 500, a race dominated by specialized cars with Duesenberg racing chassis and they entered a modified road car driven by works driver, Douglas Hawkes, accompanied by riding mechanic, H. S. Bertie Browning. Hawkes completed the full 500 miles and finished 13th with an speed of 74.95 mph after starting in 19th position. The team was rushed back to England to compete in the 1922 RAC Tourist Trophy. In ironic reference to his heavyweight boxers stature, Captain Woolf Barnato was nicknamed Babe, in 1925, he acquired his first Bentley, a 3-litre. With this car he won numerous Brooklands races, just a year later he acquired the Bentley business itself. The Bentley enterprise was always underfunded, but inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win by John Duff and Frank Clement, Barnato had incorporated Baromans Ltd in 1922, which existed as his finance and investment vehicle. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested in excess of £100,000, saving the business, a financial reorganisation of the original Bentley company was carried out and all existing creditors paid off for £75,000. Existing shares were devalued from £1 each to just 1 shilling, Barnato held 149,500 of the new shares giving him control of the company and he became chairman. Barnato injected further cash into the business, £35,000 secured by debenture in July 1927, £40,000 in 1928, with renewed financial input, W. O. Bentley was able to design another generation of cars. The Bentley Boys were a group of British motoring enthusiasts that included Woolf Barnato, Sir Henry Tim Birkin, steeple chaser George Duller, aviator Glen Kidston, sammy Davis, and Dr Dudley Benjafield. The Bentley Boys, favored Bentley cars, many were independently wealthy and often had a military background. They kept the reputation for high performance alive, Bentley was noted for its four consecutive victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1927 to 1930
9. Bentley Continental GT – The Bentley Continental GT is a grand tourer produced by the British automaker Bentley Motors since 2003. It was the first car released by Bentley under Volkswagen AG-management after their acquisition of the company in 1998, and it shares a platform with the Volkswagen Phaeton. In 1994 Rolls Royce Motors previewed a convertible concept car at the Geneva Motor Show - the Concept Java, the car was designed to be a highly desirable Bentley, but smaller, more affordable, yet still exclusive in order to maintain the integrity of the brand. It was to appeal to a new range of potential buyers, the Concept Java never made it into production in the form seen in 1994. However the Bentley Continental GT realised the concept of the Java as a more affordable Bentley, whilst external styling is different, the dashboard design was clearly influenced by the Java. The vehicle was unveiled in 2003 Geneva Motor Show, followed by Le Mans,2003 Goodwood Festival of Speed,2003 annual Bentley Drivers Club meeting at Silverstone and it is not a coachbuilt car. As a result, the price at launch was less than the Continental R. Torsen-based permanent four-wheel drive is standard and it will accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometres per hour in 4.8 seconds, and go on to reach a top speed of 318 kilometres per hour. Early models include a choice of 6 body colours,8 hide colours,5 veneer types,4 carpet, the vehicles went on sale in October 2004. The four-door Continental Flying Spur saloon was first displayed at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show, the Flying Spur utilizes most of the technical underpinnings of the Bentley Continental GT, and was introduced to European and North American markets in the summer of 2005. Together, the Bentley Continental GT and Flying Spur have boosted Bentleys annual production from around 1,000 units in 2003, the Flying Spur has a 6-litre, 12-cylinder engine, configured in a W formation. Unlike a conventional 12-cylinder engine with two banks of six, the Continental’s 6-litre engine is configured in two banks of VR six cylinders each and this shortens the W-12 engines length considerably, compared to a two-bank configuration. The W-12 produces 552 bhp, accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 4.9 seconds, one notable aspect of the Continental Flying Spur is its grille. Made to look like traditional chromed brass mesh, it is a metal-covered plastic-core and this was fitted as a safety feature, it is designed to break apart upon impact with a pedestrian. It is a version of 2007 model year Continental GT Mulliner Driving Specification. The convertible version of the Continental GT, the Continental GTC, was first presented in September 2005, the roof is produced by Karmann in Osnabrück, Germany. The GTC uses identical powertrain detail as the GT, and can accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometres per hour in 5.1 seconds. With the roof up, it reach a top speed of 314 kilometres per hour
10. Bentley Continental Flying Spur – The Bentley Continental Flying Spur is the four-door saloon variant of the Bentley Continental GT coupé. The Bentley Continental Flying Spur was introduced in 2005 and this car shares its platform with the Volkswagen Phaeton, and its powertrain components are related to those on the Audi A8 and S8. It was designed by the team as produced the Continental GT. The Bentley Continental Flying Spur is a large interiored four-door GT notchback saloon, the car is touted as a competitor to the Rolls-Royce Ghost. Other options include furniture-quality service trays with vanity mirrors and fold down lights, the Continental Flying Spur is equipped with a 5,998 cubic centimetres twin-turbocharged W12 engine. It produces a DIN-rated motive power output of 560 metric horsepower at 6,100 rpm, torsen-based permanent four-wheel drive is standard. It will complete the sprint of 0–100 kilometres per hour in 5.2 seconds. Standard 4-wheel Adaptive Air Suspension and Continuous Damping Control -, the vehicle was unveiled in the 2005 Geneva Auto Salon as a 4-door notchback saloon. The vehicles became available to order in March 2006, other individual features available in late 2006. Acceleration time from 0–100 km/h is now 4.8 seconds, Bentley also claims that with its revised ESP system and suspension the Continental Flying Spur Speed is capable of handling over 0.95 g-forces of lateral acceleration on a 300-foot skidpad. Other features include 10mm lowered ride height, uprated spring/damper settings and uprated anti-roll bars for improved agility, other options include carbon/silicon carbide brakes. They are limited versions of Continental Flying Spur and Continental Flying Spur Speed respectively for Middle East market, Continental Flying Spur Arabia includes 14-spoke diamond alloy wheel. Continental Flying Spur Speed Arabia includes bright silver 10-spoke 20-inch wheels, initial options include 14 Series 51 designs from Continental GT and GTC. The vehicles went on sale from March 2011, the vehicle was unveiled in 2012 Paris International Auto Salon. The limited version of the Continental Flying Spur for the Chinese market incorporates several signature Linley elements, the Qatar Edition is a limited version of the Continental Flying Spur Speed for the Qatar market, made in a collaboration with the official Bentley dealer of Qatar, Al Wajba Motors. It included grey paint and a red Bespoke line, glossy black components in place of chrome, a black and white interior with red stitching. Beginning with 2011 Continental models, the W12 engines supports combinations of petrol, the steering column-mounted paddle shifters enable direct access to the six-speed gearbox when the ZF transmission is in S or sports mode. The Continental Flying Spur is exclusively hand built at Bentleys only manufacturing plant in Crewe and this arrangement ended in 2006, when all assembly work reverted to Crewe
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W-образный двигатель — тип двигателя с W-образным расположением цилиндров. Обычно W-образный двигатель представляет собой двигатель с 3 или 4 рядами цилиндров, расположенными сверху под углом меньше 90 градусов по отношению друг к другу, над единым коленчатым валом. Таким образом в поперечном разрезе двигатель напоминает букву W. Отличительной особенностью данного типа двигателя является компактность по сравнению с другими типами двигателей, используемыми в серийных автомобилях и имеющими схожие мощностные характеристики.
Существуют также W-образные двигатели с рядным расположением цилиндров в шахматном порядке в каждой из двух секций одного блока цилиндров. При этом каждая из двух секций такого W-образного двигателя имеет свою ГБЦ и угол между цилиндрами (в одной секции) в 10-15 градусов, как в обычном VR-образном двигателе. Расстояние между секциями в таком двигателе меньше 90 градусов. W-образные двигатели за всю историю своего существования применялись как в автомобилях, так и в авиации и в мотоциклах.
W-образный двигатель
Двигатель Audi W12 объемом 6.3 литра
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W-образный двигатель 
W-образный двигатель — тип двигателя с W-образным расположением цилиндров. Обычно W-образный двигатель представляет собой двигатель с 3 или 4 рядами цилиндров, расположенными сверху под углом меньше 90 градусов по отношению друг к другу, над единым коленчатым валом. Таким образом в поперечном разрезе двигатель напоминает букву W. Отличительной особенностью данного типа двигателя является компактность по сравнению с другими типами двигателей, используемыми в серийных автомобилях и имеющими схожие мощностные характеристики.
Существуют также W-образные двигатели с рядным расположением цилиндров в шахматном порядке в каждой из двух секций одного блока цилиндров. При этом каждая из двух секций такого W-образного двигателя имеет свою ГБЦ и угол между цилиндрами (в одной секции) в 10-15 градусов, как в обычном VR-образном двигателе. Расстояние между секциями в таком двигателе меньше 90 градусов. W-образные двигатели за всю историю своего существования применялись как в автомобилях, так и в авиации и в мотоциклах.
Двигатель Audi W12 объемом 6.3 литра [1]
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При сравнении 12-цилиндрового V-образного двигателя и 12-цилиндрового W-образного двигателя с одинаковым рабочим объемом становится очевидно что последний значительно компактнее. Более того, 12-цилиндровый W-образный двигатель компактнее 8-цилиндрового V-образного двигателя.
Преимущества W-образной компоновки заключаются в компактности, экономится место в подкапотном пространстве автомобиля, освободившееся место можно использовать для установки дополнительного навесного оборудования (гидроусилитель рулевого управления, компрессор кондиционера, компрессор, турбину и др.) Также при той же компактности увеличивается мощность и крутящий момент по сравнению с двигателями V-образного типа. Более плотное расположение цилиндров относительно друг друга позволяет сэкономить конструкционные материалы.
Недостатки W-образного двигателя заключаются в более плотном расположении цилиндров относительно друг друга, соответственно появляется необходимость для модернизации системы охлаждения. В W-образном двигателе предусмотрено охлаждение каждого цилиндра.
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| Двигатель Ванкеля • Орбитальный двигатель (двигатель Сарича) • Роторно-лопастной двигатель Вигриянова | ||||||||
| Гибридные • Двигатель Хессельмана |
W-образный двигательW-образный двигатель W-образный двигатель Информация Видео
W-образный двигатель Просмотр темы.W-образный двигатель что, W-образный двигатель кто, W-образный двигатель объяснение
There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video
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Эта конструкция встречается очень редко, в основном из-за большего веса и сложности в сравнении с радиальными двигателями, хотя они более компактны (при равном количестве цилиндров) в сравнении с V-образными двигателями.
Большинство видов Х-образных двигателей применялись во времена Второй мировой войны. Они были разработаны для больших военных самолётов. Как правило, они имели 24 цилиндра и основывались на конструкции 12-цилиндрового V-образного двигателя.
Двигатели внутреннего сгорания (кроме турбинных)
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| См. также: Вечный двигатель • Мотор-редуктор • Резиномотор | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
X-образный двигательX-образный двигатель X-образный двигатель Информация Видео
X-образный двигатель Просмотр темы.X-образный двигатель что, X-образный двигатель кто, X-образный двигатель объяснение
There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video
www.turkaramamotoru.com
W-Motor
Русско-немецкий словарь по автомобильной технике и автосервису. 2013.
V-образный двигатель — Двигатель Mercedes V6 Rennmotor V образная схема двигателя схема расположения цилиндров поршневого двигателя в … Википедия
U-образный двигатель — Bugatti U образный двигатель условное обозначение силовой установки, представляющей собой два рядных двигателя, коленчатые валы которых механически соединены при по … Википедия
W-образный двигатель — W образный двенадцатицилиндровый двигатель двигатель внутреннего сгорания с W образным расположением двенадцати цилиндров четырьмя рядами по три (даже на фото видно что три ряда по четыре цилиндра. Фото неверное, на фото … Википедия
X-образный двигатель — Упрощённая конструктивная схема X образного двигателя в исполнении Х 24. X образный двигатель это поршневой двигатель, содержащий сдвоенные V блоки, горизонтально оппозитные по отношению друг к другу. Таки … Википедия
V-образный двигатель — – двигатель, в котором цилиндры расположены под углом друг к другу в 2 х плоскостях (угол обычно – 45, 60 или 90 град). EdwART. Словарь автомобильного жаргона, 2009 … Автомобильный словарь
Двигатель Стирлинга — Двигатель Стирлинга … Википедия
Двигатель Ленуара — в двух проекциях … Википедия
Двигатель внутреннего сгорания — Схема: Двухтактный двигатель внутреннего сгорания с глушителем … Википедия
Двигатель — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Двигатель (значения). Двигатель, мотор (от лат. motor приводящий в движение) устройство, преобразующее какой либо вид энергии в механическую. Этот термин используется с конца XIX века… … Википедия
Двигатель Вальтера — Эта статья или раздел нуждается в переработке. Пожалуйста, улучшите статью в соответствии с правилами написания статей … Википедия
Двигатель внешнего сгорания — Статья состоит из словарного определения термина. Пожалуйста, доработайте статью, приведя ее в соответствие с правилами. Подробности могут быть на странице обсуждения. В Википедии статьи, состоящие только из словарного определения, не… … Википедия
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W-образный двигатель
W-образный двигатель — тип двигателя с W-образным расположением цилиндров. Обычно W-образный двигатель представляет собой двигатель с 3 или 4 рядами цилиндров, расположенными сверху под углом меньше 90 градусов по отношению друг к другу, над единым коленчатым валом. Таким образом в поперечном разрезе двигатель напоминает букву W. Отличительной особенностью данного типа двигателя является компактность по сравнению с другими типами двигателей, используемыми в серийных автомобилях и имеющими схожие мощностные характеристики.
Существуют также W-образные двигатели с рядным расположением цилиндров в шахматном порядке в каждой из двух секций одного блока цилиндров. При этом каждая из двух секций такого W-образного двигателя имеет свою ГБЦ и угол между цилиндрами (в одной секции) в 10-15 градусов, как в обычном VR-образном двигателе. Расстояние между секциями в таком двигателе меньше 90 градусов. W-образные двигатели за всю историю своего существования применялись как в автомобилях, так и в авиации и в мотоциклах.
Двигатель Audi W12 объемом 6.3 литра
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